Tag Archives: Kupelwieser

The rediscovery of Alois Unger Alajos (1814-48) újrafelfedezése

A győri kártyafestő családból származó Unger Alajos a XIX. században meghatározó szerepet játszó késő romantikus és késő nazarénus művészet újra felfedezett képviselője. Kezdetben szülővárosában Hofbauer Jánosnál, majd először 1833-ban, illetve 1836–1842 között a bécsi akadémián tanult, utóbbi időszakban immár Leopold Kupelwieser tanítványaként. Művészete tematikai és festészeti szempontból a Kupelwieser körüli késő romantikus és késő nazarénus tradícióban gyökerezett. Nemcsak mestere irodalmi-zenei-művészi irányát képviseli, hanem Joseph von Führich, továbbá a Kisfaludy-féle Aurora számára illusztrációkat készítő Moritz von Schwind késő romantikus szellemiségét követve „meseszerűen poétikus” festési mód jellemzi, amelyet erős, keresztény és magyar patrióta meggyőződésének kifejezéséhez használt.

A Győr visszafoglalasa című csatakép és a művészt családja körében ábrázóló portré mellett, amelyek az 1970-es években a Magyar Nemzeti Galéria őrzésébe kerültek, egy további 1836-ból származó, tehát jelenleg első ismert műve is közgyűjteményben található, a fiatal nőt ábrázoló eddig teljesen ismeretlen festmény a University of Pennsylvania portrégalériájának tulajdonában van.

A La vierge au bas-relief című festménye Cesare da Sesto nazarénus körökben nagyra értékelt azonos című képének másolata, de meggyőzően jut kifejezésre a nazarénus örökség a több jelenetből álló Vajk megkeresztelese című festményén is, amely egyben a pietas habsburgica — vagy pontosabban szólva a pietas hungarica sajátos kifejeződése, akárcsak családi portréján, amely egyike a különösen ritka nazarénus családi portréknak. Unger Alajos személyében — C. L. Hofmeister és Georg Vogel mellett — a harmadik magyarországi biedermeier óraképfestőt sikerült azonosítanunk. Walter Scott A lammermoori menyasszony című regénye, illetve az azon alapuló Donizetti-opera Lammermoori Lucia alakjainak velencei látképbe ágyazott ábrázolása nem pusztán romantikus-fennkölt, hanem politikai célokat is kifejezésre juttatott, párhuzamban azzal, hogy Walter Scott hatása nemcsak a reformkori irodalomban és társadalmi életben volt meghatározó, hanem a nemzeti mozgalomban is. A nazarénus művészet látszólagos naivitása mögött — így Unger esetében is — romantikus jelképművészet rejtőzik, (Scholl 2007) pontosabban a horatiusi ut pictura poesis helyére a Grewe (2009) által leírt mélyebb, gyakran többrétegű jelentést hordozó ut hieroglyphica pictura lépett, amelyet a modern szemlélőnek újra meg kell fejteni Újonnan előkerült forrás bizonyítja, hogy Unger Alajos családja híres kártyáinak tervezője volt és ezáltal szerepe volt a nemzeti, magyar kártyastílus kialakításában.

A festő túl fiatalon halt meg ahhoz, hogy — leszámítva kártyaterveit — munkájának gyümölcseit learathassa. Szülővárosában azonban így is nagyra értékelték és az 1903-as győri művészeti kiállításon egykori akadémiai társával, August von Pettenkofennel egy szinten említették. Unger életműve tehát nemcsak a nazarénus művészet története szempontjából érdekes. Az 1970-es években kezdődött átértékelés ellenére még ma is gyakran félreértett nazarénusoknak a magyar művészet születésére gyakorolta hatása miatt legalább ennyire megérdemli a figyelmet.

THE REDISCOVERY OF A KUPELWIESER STUDENT: THE LATE NAZARENE, LATE ROMANTICIST PAINTER AND PLAYINGCARD DESIGNER ALAJOS UNGER

Alajos (Alois) Unger, who was descended from the well-known Unger playingcard making family from Győr, is a recently rediscovered Hungarian late Nazarene and late Romanticist artist. The son and brother of the playing-card makers Mátyás (Mathias) Unger the Elder (1789-1862) and Younger (1824-78), he was originally apprenticed in this craft as well and, as could be proved for the first time, designed the family’s playing-cards. First trained at the National Drawing School of his home under János Hofbauer (creator of The Castle of Deveny Hungarian National Gallery), which apprentices and journeymen of the local crafts attended, Alajos Unger enrolled at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts first in 1833 to train there as a draughtsman and then became a pupil of Leopold Kupelwieser (1796-1862) from 1836 until 1842. Among his classmates were the famous artists Eduard von Engerth (1818-97), Franz Josef Dobiaschofsky (1818-67), Ferenc Szoldatits (1820-1916) and August von Pettenkofen (1822-1889). In an art exhibition in Győr in 1903 the quality of Unger’s genre paintings displayed there was likened to those of the latter.

It has now been possible to demonstrate how strongly his art was rooted in the late Nazarene and late Romantic tradition of the circle around his teacher. Overall, his style not only reflects the ”literary-musical-artistic“ orientation of Kupelwieser, but also the “fairytale-like-poetical” variety represented by Joseph von Führich and particularly Moritz von Schwind. Alajos Unger had until recently only been known by name, but with the present article, a fuller picture of the artist’s life and work has been presented. Thus, apart from the two oil paintings, which came into the possession of the Hungarian National Gallery in the 1970s, The Recapture of Raab (1840) and a portrait of the artist and his family (1843), a series of hitherto unknown oilworks has been discovered: a portrait of an unknown lady (1836), now part of the art collection of the University of Pennsylvania, a copy of Cesare da Sesto’s La vierge au bas-relief (date unknown), the Baptism of Vajk (1842) and a Biedermeier picture clock depicting a patriotic scene from the opera Lucia di Lammermoor set against the backdrop of a veduta of Venice (1847). The portrait of Ferenc Hergeszell, a local politician from Unger’s hometown and later member of the Hungarian Diet, from 1841, now in the collection of the Flóris Rómer Museum in Győr, also bears Unger’s painterly handwriting.

Altogether, the torso of the extraordinary work of a representative of a younger generation of Nazarenes, who promoted Hungarian national art, has been unveiled in the bicentenary of his birth. In addition to this, the role of Nazarene artists and that of their networks in the development of Hungarian art generally was investigated.

The Unger exhibition opening at the museum

At the long last I manage to post here again. I had prepared two further entries, but have not managed to proofread them and add pictures as of yet.

In the meantime I have returned from a holiday in Hungary, where I tried to relax as much as possible, spending as much time as possible riding, soaking in thermal baths and just seizing the moment.  The first days were nice and warm, but then the weather changed and it became hideously cold, definitely not what we had expected.

Last Thursday then the Unger exhibition (Egy győri polgárcsalád a reformkorból: az Ungerek – Kártyagyártók és művészek/ A middling sort family from Reform Age Győr: The Ungers — Card producers and artists) was opened at the XJ Museum in Győr. I cannot say how thrilled I am about this. Not just because it is so exciting to see the wooden playing card stamps from my family and pictures of their cards on display there, but also because finally Alajos Unger’s art is appreciated posthumously. This I had hoped for for the longest time and to find as much of his original artwork as possible. I remember when I was sitting on a bench in the parco Ducale in Parma contemplating this when I spent three months there attending Italian language and art history classes at the university there as an Erasmus student. I was taking every opportunity while being there and travelling around the country to see as much (renaissance) artwork as possible in museums, churches and elsewhere, which is really funny because Parma and Duchess Marie-Louise played such an important role in Leopold Kupelwieser’s career. This especially since I did not know that Kupelwieser had been Alajos’ teacher back then… Anyway, something somehow drove me to the arts back then, which helps me understand and appreciate Alajos’ art so much better.

Anyway, the exhibition was organised by the museum and it is not only highly informative but also has a high aesthetic value overall I find. This not just because of the artwork on display there — basically the two oil paintings from the National Gallery (The Recapture of  Győr, the family portrait from 1843) and the Madonna my relative loaned as well as various drawings by Alajos and Kupelwieser. I am also very pleased that the museum used all my information on the family and its members, which my family (my parents and the relative who loaned the painting) and I had researched and compiled for so many years. Finally it has all been bearing fruit and all these findings will be presented in more detail in my forthcoming article in the museum yearbook Arrabona. Dr Gy Sz mainly gave a summary of this article in his opening speech. It is noteworthy that the museum has shown such an interest in the history of the Unger family.

Alajos Unger’s Mary with Jesus and John (oil on canvas)

Alajos Unger’s “Mary with Jesus and John”, oil on canvas, ca 70×90 cm, date unknown, family ownership

The oil painting has been in the possession of the descendents of the Unger family and it has never been on display in an exhibition yet. On 31 May 2010 it was transported from Lower Austria to Győr by Dr C Wunderlich, where it was taken to the János Xántus Museum by Gy P, director of the museums of Győr-Sopron-Moson County and Z Sz, curator of the upcoming exhibition on the Unger family. It is currently being restored. The photograph shows the painting in the museum director’s room at the museum on Széchenyi Square in Győr on that same day.

The picture features Mother Mary with Jesus and little John the Baptist with Joseph and Zachary in the background.

(Upon request of the painting’s owner, the photograph has been removed for the time being.)

Unger Alajos/Alajos Unger (Győr 1814 – Győr 1848)

The (re-)discovery of a Kupelwieser-pupil and his works: Alajos Unger (bap 29 Oct 1814 +28 Dec 1848); also called Alois, Aloys or Lajos Unger

Vita brevis, ars longa. Hippocrates

Alajos Unger was born as the third child of master card-maker Mátyás Unger and his wife Anna Brandelmayer, who had settled down in Győr after getting married in their native town of Sopron in January 1811.

He started his education at the elementary and drawing school in his native city, where his drawing teacher was the painter János Hofbauer. In 1833 he began attending the drawing school at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, before he became a pupil of Leopold Kupelwieser in 1836, where he stayed until 1842. There he also studied anatomy under Anton Schaller.

In 1846 he displayed a painting at the exhibition of the Art Association of Pest.

He travelled around Europe. In 1848, after his return to his hometown, offered art courses in Győr’s local newspaper Hazánk and furthermore joined the national guard in the revolution and freedom fights (for some time) in that year.

For unknown reasons, he died of hepatitis in December 1848 and was buried by Ferenc Ebenhöch, a later cannon, local historian and collector of various objects that are now featured in museums in Budapest and Győr.

Alajos Unger’s known works are drawings (particularly male nudes), portraits, historical and religious depictions, the latter being the main theme of his oil paintings.

The whereabouts of most of Unger’s works are unknown, with the exception of two oil paintings in the possession of the National Gallery in Budapest, a collection of 35 drawings owned by the X J Museum in Győr and private collectors as well as further oil paintings owned by private owners. Several of these works will be shown at an exhibition at the museum to be opened in September 2010.

Worklist:

The recapture of Győr, Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest, at the time of publishing this entry on display at the Festetics palace museum  in Keszthely

The artist and his family, Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest

Mary with Jesus and John, family ownership

35 drawings, mainly male nudes, JX Museum, Győr and private ownership

Judith and Holofernes

The baptism of King Stephen, private ownership

St László, king of Hungary, perceives King Solomon (Szent László magyar király ráismer Salamon király)

The Holy Family

Picture clock with view of Venice, family ownership

to be continued

Literature:

Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon online/Artists of the World online, s.v. Unger Alajos

Wunderlich, C (2009): “Die Győrer Spielkartenmalerfamilie Unger – Im Spiegel neuer Erkenntnisse“, in: Talon – Zeitschrift des österreichisch-ungarischen Spielkartenvereins, 18/2009, Vienna/Budapest,  pp 78-81

Wunderlich, C (in preparation): “The Unger artist and card-making family of Győr, ” (working title) in: Arrabona, yearbook of the János Xántus Museum, Győr and the literature cited therein